MAKALAH
USAHA
KECIL DAN MENENGAH
(SMALL
AND MEDIUM-SIZED ENTERPRISES)
Disusun
Oleh:
1. Indah
Margareth (23215336)
2. Junita
Kurniawati (23215638)
3. Rosalia
Ernawati (26215271)
Kelas
: 1EB22
AKUNTANSI, FAKULTAS EKONOMI
UNIVERSITAS GUNADARMA
Jalan
KH. Noer Ali Kalimalang
Bekasi
Barat, 17145 Telp. (021) 888601
2016
BAB
I
SMALL
AND MEDIUM-SIZED ENTERPRISES (SMES)
1. DEFINITION OF SMES
Small
and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are non-subsidiary, independent firms which
employ fewer than a given number of employees. This number varies across
countries. The most frequent upper limit designating an SME is 250 employees,
as in the European Union. However, some countries set the limit at 200
employees, while the United States considers SMEs to include firms with fewer
than 500 employees.
Small
firms are generally those with fewer than 50 employees, while micro-enterprises
have at most 10, or in some cases 5, workers.
Financial
assets are also used to define SMEs. In the European Union, a new definition
came into force on 1 January 2005 applying to all Community acts and funding
programmes as well as in the field of State aid where SMEs can be granted
higher intensity of national and regional aid than large companies. The new
definition provides for an increase in the financial ceilings: the turnover of
medium-sized enterprises (50-249 employees) should not exceed EUR 50 million;
that of small enterprises (10-49 employees) should not exceed EUR 10 million
while that of micro firms (less than 10 employees) should not exceed EUR 2
million. Alternatively, balance sheets for medium, small and micro enterprises
should not exceed EUR 43 million, EUR 10 million and EUR 2 million,
respectively.
SMES
in Indonesia
Definition
of SME and Its basis
The
definition of ‘Small & Medium Enterprises’ under Indonesian law differs from the generally accepted definition
of ‘Small & Medium Enterprises (UKM―Usaha
Kecil dan Menengah)’. The country’s definition of ‘Small & Medium Enterprises’ was set out in the
Small Enterprise Act No. 9 of 1995 (UNDANG
UNDANG REPUBLIK INDONESIA NOMOR 9 TAHUN 1995 TENTANG USAHA KECIL), where companies that would generally be considered medium sized are included
under the definition for “small enterprises”
and the definition for “medium enterprises” under Indonesian law roughly equates to the Japanese
definition of “medium enterprises”.
The definition of small
enterprises under Act No. 9 is as follows:
a.
A business that owns net assets
worth 200 million rupiahs or less. However these assets shall not include land
or buildings.
b.
Annual Sales of 1 billion rupiah
(net) or less.
c.
Owned by a citizen of Indonesia.
d.
An independent economic entity,
which is not a subsidiary or branch of a large or medium enterprise, and is not
directly or indirectly controlled (including where the operator is dispatched
from a large or medium enterprise) by a large or medium enterprise.
e.
The business is managed by an
individual, an unincorporated entity, or a cooperative organization.
2. DEVELOPMENT OF THE NUMBER OF UNITS
AND WORKFORCE IN SMES
SMEs
have historically been the main player in the Indonesian economy, especially as
a large provider of employment opportunities, and hence a generator of primary
or secondary sources of income for many households (Tambunan, 2006). Typically,
Indonesian SMEs account for more than 90% of all firms (Table 5), and thus they
are the biggest source of employment, providing livelihood for over 90% of the
country’s workforce, especially women and the young. The majority of SMEs, especially
the smallest units, i.e.
MIEs
are scattered widely throughout rural areas and therefore may play an important
role as a starting point for development of villagers’ talents as
entrepreneurs, especially those of women. MIEs are dominated by selfemployment
enterprises without hired paid workers. They are the most traditional
enterprises, generally with low levels of productivity, poor quality products,
and serve small, localized markets. There is little or no technological
dynamism in this group.
The
majority of these enterprises are comprised of subsistence activities. Some of
them are economically viable over the long-term, but a large portion is not.
Many MIEs face closure or very difficult upgrading especially with import
liberalization, changing technology and the growing demand for higher quality
modern products. However, the existence or growth of this type of enterprise
can be seen as an early phase of entrepreneurship development.
Table.
Total Units of Enterprises by Size Category: 1997-2006 (In thousand)
The
output structure by size of enterprises and sectors shows that agriculture has
always been the key sector for SEs, as they produce around 86% to 87% of total
output in the sector. The second important sector for this group of enterprises
is trade, and hotels and restaurants with their annual share ranging from 74%
to 76%. MEs, on the other hand, have the largest output contribution in
finance, rents & services at around 46% to 47%, followed by transportation
and communication with a share ranging from the lowest 23.47% in 2006 to the
highest 26.22% in 2001. In manufacturing industries, both SEs and MEs are
traditionally not as strong when compared to LEs.
In
the manufacturing industry, SMEs are involved mainly in simple traditional
manufacturing activities such as wood products, including furniture, textiles,
garments, footwear, and food and beverages. Only a small portion of total SMEs
are engaged in the production of machinery, production tools and automotive
components. This is generally carried out through subcontracting systems with
several multinational car companies such as Toyota and Honda. This structure of
industry reflects the current technological capability of Indonesian SMEs,
which are not yet as strong in producing sophisticated technology-embodied
products as their counterparts in other countries such as South Korea, Japan,
and Taiwan.9 With respect to output growth, the performance of SMEs is
relatively good as compared to that of LEs.
The
output growth of SEs and MEs was 3.96% and 4.59% in 2001 and increased to 5.38%
and 5.44%, respectively in 2006, compared to LEs with a growth rate of 3.04%
and 5.60%. Thus, SMEs’ contribution to the annual GDP growth is higher than
that of LEs (Figure 1). The higher growth rates in SMEs are not because their
productivity in general is higher than that in LEs, but mainly because their
number is huge and the increase of total workers in these enterprises are
always higher than that in LEs, as the latter in general have more capital (or
less labor) intensive enterprises compared to SMEs.
3.
THE
VALUE OF OUTPUT AND VALUE ADDED
The
role of SMEs in Indonesia in the form of contributions sufficient output
besar.Kontribusi UK GDP growth to GDP smaller than its contribution to
employment / ZERO ratio indicates that the level of productivity in the UK is
lower than at UM and in UB .The level of productivity measured in terms of L
and K (PP / from TFP: productivity of the factors of production total.Pasar
served different markets UK.Pasar UM UM serves many middle to upper income
people with income elasticities UK positif.Pasa served more groups of
low-income buyers with elasticity negative revenue.
Of
the BPS (Statistics Indonesia 2001) on NO and NT from the UK in the
manufacturing sector by industry group (code 31 s / d 39), there are some
interesting things. First, NO or NT varies by sub-sector, and the most (as also
indicated by data from other sources), namely food and beverages, and tobacco
(31), and textile products (TPT), and leather and its products (32), and wood and
its products (33), which gives an impression that the IK and IMI are generally
superior in all three sub-sectors were compared in other subsectors. Second, in
some industry groups such as 31 and 33, NO or NT IMI greater than IK.
While
the results SUSI (2000) presents data on the gross product value (NO), the cost
of, and wages and salaries of unincorporated businesses. Of the difference
between NO and costs between, can obtain an idea of the magnitude of the NT
that was created by the business groups. Trade, retail, and restaurant and
accommodation services is a sector in which the business is not incorporated to
produce NO at most; followed by manufacturing. This last sector, NO IMI
slightly smaller than NO created by Ik. In SUSI 2000, NO and its calculation of
the NT-business is not incorporated also in jaabarkan by region.
In
addition to its contribution to the growth of employment and as an important
source of income, SMEs in Indonesia is also highly desirable because it has
great potential as a source of important developments (diversification) and the
growth of X, X especially manufacturing. Indonesian SMEs ability to realize its
potential X is determined by a combination of a number of factors relative
advantages possessed Indonesian SMEs over their competitors, both from within
and outside the country.
In
the context of economics / international trade, the sense of relative
superiority can be approached with a comparative advantage. excellence
komporatif owned Uk Indonesia, especially its labor-intensive (and Indonesia
has a number of L is large), the skills "Traditional" owned small
businesses (and workers) to build an all products, especially handicraft items
(which are the skills people already owned old from generation to generation), and
abundant raw materials (especially agricultural-based products). Unfortunately
Uk in Indonesia is still relatively weak, especially in human resources
management in the appeal, marketing, modern production processes, or more
advanced (beyond the traditional manufacturing), innovation and mastery of
technology.
4. EXPORT
Export
trade is by way of removing the goods from inside to outside a country's
customs territory to other countries by fulfilling conditions apply. It should
be noted that the subject matter/owned by the exporter: (Anton Yudi Setiano,
2008) .
a. Exporters
have a business license to trade both individuals and agency inform
b. The
exporter is obliged to know the banned goods exported by the Government or
Government permission must be
c. Exporters
should be aware of the export of goods to a country that is prohibited by the
Government
Export-oriented
SMES, according to (Tambunan, 2003) are classified into two, namely
Manufacturers Exporters Directly (Direct Exporter) and Indirect Exporters
(Indirect Exporter).
a. Direct
Exporters Manufacturers SMES SMES which are generating export products and sell
them directly to the foreign buyer (buyer) or the importer
b. SME
Exporters SMES that are not directly produce exports, export activities that do
not directly with the buyer/importer, but by agents of the export trade or domestic
exporters
The
number of SME'S Export Manufacturers only 0.19 percent of total SMEs in
Indonesia. As for other SMES 99.81 percent exports indirectly and/or just do
the sales in the domestic market. SME Manufacturers Export group, the number of
SMES that do export itself is only 8.7 percent, while other SME 91.3 percent
export activities carried out by the importer. If the date of the value of the
share of exports, the share of export value of SME Exporters Indirectly
totalling 99.02 percent, while the share of exports of SME Manufacturers
Exporters of 0.98 percent. However, the rate of gain obtained larger Exporters
Manufacturers SMES compared to SME Exporters indirectly. Small business (UK)
who had a major role in exports is the UK that rely on the skill of the hands
(hand made), jewelry and crafts such as woodcarving.
Characteristics
are the hallmarks of the UK, where more rely on the skills of the hand, so it
tends to be labor intensive. Large scale efforts (UB) which tends to be
capital-intensive, surely it will be difficult to get into the business
world. On the other hand, this gives you an idea of the importance of
labor absorption in the UK, particularly at a time of economic crisis. The
main export destination country UK in General, but if Singapore is traced
according to commodities, export destination country is relatively diverse. The
high value of exports to Singapore gives an overview there is still the
potential for increased value added or economic rent UK against the exported
product, if the exporting country can directly to consumers. This is because
Singapore is "transit export", meaning that the UK products exported
to Singapore will be exported to other countries. Despite barely changing the
orientation of the export destination countries, but the share of exports to
each country of destination between the time tends to fluctuating.
There
are two factors affecting export-oriented SMES cannot export directly, i.e.
export trading and financing problems problem.
a. Export
trading problem occurs due to the high risk of export activities (both the risk
of payment or delivery of the goods), there is a time lag (time lag) in
payments, and the high cost of exports.
b. Financingproblem
occur due to limited capital owned SMEs and finance and guarantee institution
problem, namely the lack of support the export guarantee and financing
institutions towards SMES. The condition menngakibatkan marketing strategies
SMES tend to wait for the buyer, so that the mechanism of trade that occurs
generally is a buyer's market.
In this case it is the
export of the resulting product for small and medium businesses.
As for some of the obstacles of SME
export among others:
1. A
trade globalisation demands the increasing response of businessmen to changes
of the market and the behavior of kondumen in particular. The speed of change
in the market demand and consumer tastes, demanding products offered must be
innovative, diverse and product cycle became relatively shorter. The ability to
access global markets, product innovation or even mengadop mengkreasi product
innovation which suits the needs of the market, is a row of weakness owned SMES
in general
2. In
general, SME in producing goods/services only concentrated on a number of
products/services that have traditionally been handled certain business groups
and on market only. Therefore less encouraging diversification SME good
product/service design, shape or function of the product produced. Low level of
diversification of SMEs, SMES only give the impression that specializes in traditional
product/service that has comparative advantages such as apparel and other
textile products, leather goods finished goods such as footwear, and out of
wood, including furniture and handicraft items
3. The
low accessibility to productive resources, especially with regard to financing,
information, promotion, technology, and business networking products export.
5. PROSPECT FOR SMALL AND MEDIUM UNIT
IN THE ERA OF FREE TRADE AND GLOBALIZATION OF THE WORLD
1.
Prospect
for Small and Medium Unit in The Era of Free
Small and medium
enterprises have been proven to be able to live and thrive in crisis storm for
more than six years, its existence has been able to contribute to GDP by almost
60%, employment of 88.7% of the workforce in Indonesia and the contribution of SMES
to export in 1997 amounted to 7.5% (BPS 2000). In the era of free trade and
regional autonomy, the development of SMES is directed at: (1). The development
of a conducive business environment for SMES; (2). Development financial
institutions that can provide access to capital resources that is transparent
and cheaper; (3). Provide business development services to SMES nonfinancial
more effective; and (4). The formation of strategic alliances between SMES and
other SMES or large enterprises in Indonesia or abroad. Develop or demise of
small and medium businesses in free trade depends on the ability to compete and
increase efficiency and establish business networks with other institutions.
The economic crisis is
now over six years old. However, signs of recovery are expected presumably
still running very slow and sluggish pace, although the exchange rate is
getting stronger and the national socio-political condition is getting better.
Slow economic recovery is demonstrated, among others, from the still low level
of national economic growth, high unemployment and poverty as well as
"stagnant" development of large-scale business activities of both FDI
and domestic investment. In detail, the figures the development of
macro-economic indicators are not promising we can see in the report is issued,
either by the Central Bureau of Statistics as well as in the literature of
economics other woods (eg, Prema Chandra Athukorola, Bulletin Of Indonesian
Economic Studies, August 2002; the Central Bureau statistics, 2002 and 2003).
Engine for economic recovery is still very dependent on the amount of
consumption levels alone, and less driven by portfolio investment and export
activities.
Amid the economic
recovery is still slow, the national economy is also haunted with national
ambitions to regional autonomy and decentralization. In addition, the national
commitment to implement multilateral free trade (WTO), regional (AFTA), APEC
informal cooperation, and even ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) by 2020 is an
extra chore that must also be taken seriously. In terms of local autonomy and
decentralization, various problems still chaotic. This happens because on one
hand, there are certain parties who remain eager to make local autonomy and
decentralization in accordance with Law no. 22/1999 and Law no. 25/1999, while
on the other hand many are demanding revision of the second pedestal these
laws. Tug of war is further cause for uncertainty, so many areas set many new
regulations, especially with regard to local taxes, licenses and other levies.
It is estimated that more than 1,000 regulations relating to taxes and other
levies have been issued since the enactment of the areas of decentralization
(Jakarta Post, May 6, 2002). These regulations have resulted in a heavy burden
for the implementation of business activity in the area (Firdausy, 2002; Elias
Saad, 2002).
Under no circumstances
and economic conditions are not conducive, the development activities of small
and medium enterprises (hereinafter SMES) is regarded as an important
alternative capable of reducing the burden faced by the national and regional
economy. Economic arguments behind it that because SMES are the dominant
business activity of this nation. Besides the development of SMES activities
relative does not require capital large and in a period of crisis for SMES
relatively Utahan slam ", especially SMES related to agricultural
activities. The depreciation of the rupiah against the US dollar has led SMES
in the agricultural sector can make profits relatively large. Conversely, SMES
are dependent on imported inputs crash with the depreciation of the rupiah's
volatility.
The aim of this brief
article discusses the prospects for the SMES business in the era of free trade
and regional autonomy. To discuss this topic, the following will describe the
potential and contribution of SMEs to the national economy as a background
analysis. Then, discussed what efforts should be made in the development of SMES,
especially in the area in the face of free trade and regional autonomy.
2.
Prospect
for Small and Medium Unit Globalization of The World
For each of the
business units of all sizes and in all sectors of the economy, the era of free
trade and globalization of the world economy on the one hand will create a lot
of opportunities. On the other hand also creates many challenges faced when
they can not properly be incarnated as ancaman.bentuk opportunities and
challenges that will arise will necessarily be different according to the
different types of economic activity. Globalization of the world economy also
increases the uncertainty mainly due to higher capital mobilization, human and
production resources more and more integrated activities of production,
investment, and finance among nations, among others, could cause disturbances
economic sector in the region due to the direct effect of the economic instability
in the region other.
·
The
Nature of Existence SMES
Small businesses units
in Indonesia is dominated by business units traditionally, that one side can be
built and operated only by working capital and capital investment is small and
without the need to implement a system of organization and management of modern
complex and expensive, as diusaha-modern business and on the other side
Distinct to medium sized enterprises, small businesses generally make barng
simple consumer goods for the needs of low-income communities. The implications
of this nature is different with medium and large businesses, small businesses
actually not too dependent on government facilities.
·
The
Ability of SMEs
In the era of free trade and
globalization of the world economy, advances in technology, the mastery of
science and high-quality human resources are the three factors of competitive
advantage that will become dominant in the good or the prospects of a business.
BAB
II
EXAMPLES
OF CASES AND ANALYSIS
Effective
small and medium units to Tackle Unemployment
SMES
Effectively Tackle Unemployment Deputy Minister for Human Resources
Development, the Ministry of Cooperatives and Small and Medium Enterprises,
Agus Muharram states SMES proven to effectively combat unemployment. "In
addition, the micro, small, and medium enterprises (SMES) was also shown to
effectively address the problem poverty and job creation, "he said when
opening the Technical Skills Training and Vocational Aquaculture catfish in
Cisarua, Bogor, West Java, Wednesday. Exercise until March 19, 2011 was held in
cooperation with the Foundation for Community Empowerment Development Indonesia
(YP2MI) .He suggests, SMES constitute the largest business unit in Indonesia
which mencapai52,76 million, employs more than 91.8 million people. "Or
more than 97.3 percent of the workforce Indonesia is the contribution," said.
And other, he said, SMEs are also able to contribute significantly to the
formation of domestic product (GDP) is 55.6 percent or worth more than Rp42,8
trillion . "the contribution of SMES to the total national value of
non-oil exports reached 20.15 percent or Rp42,8 trillion," said. Advanced
that the performance of UKM provide enough evidence that the tidal economic
situation, SMEs are still able to contribute to foreign exchange in the
country. "SMES have also been tested as a business group that has the
responsiveness, flexibility, and a remarkable adaptation to changes in the
market, "Muharram said. Agus suggests, open mindset to want to
entrepreneurship is a strategic business that can generate and create something
of value or benefit to the community." thus, in fact an entrepreneur is an
innovator or reformer, both for the socio-economic environment as well as for
himself, "said. In this regard, he said, the rise of entrepreneurship is
in attitude and initiative or initiative, as an effort to move the process of
economic change" mindset "resources in order to achieve productivity
adapted to the capacity of each source daya. He say, training for community
groups considering the strategic value of Indonesia's population is a great
potential." Although it still has limitations in control of the national
economy, it would be food for thought to develop a cadre of entrepreneurs in
all sectors of the economy,"said. While, Chairman of the Indonesian
Community Empowerment Development Foundation (YP2MI) Ir Muhammad M Banapon, MSI
said the purpose of the activity is to provide an understanding of pro-people
program of the government, the problem of poverty i.e. countermeasures.
Participants is small entrepreneurs, SMEs, from Bogor regency as many as 30
people. the resource person is from the Ministry of Cooperatives and UKM, the Ministry
of Fisheries Marine and, Deputy coordinating Minister for coordination of
poverty reduction, Senior Manager of CSR PT Antam, PMD Director General of the
Ministry of Interior, as well as IPB fisheries experts.2010, UKM sector
predicted Tumbuh25% JAKARTA - the Indonesian Chamber of Commerce and Industry
(Kadin) Indonesia estimates, micro, small, and medium enterprises (UKM) will
grow by around 25% in 2010 compared to the 2009 forecast range of 15-20%. Vice
Chairman of Kadin UKM and cooperatives Sandiaga S Uno said, it would be achieved
if the microfinance platform that was wrought in Kadin roadmap can be realized.
"I'm optimistic, the platform will be realized. Thus, the growth of UKM
will be engaged at the level of 25-30% from year to year. in addition, the
financing in favor of micro business sector will also encourage the empowerment
that directs the business unit grade. there main value, "said Uno in
Jakarta, Saturday (8/8) .On the other hand, he said, about 99% of Indonesian
UKM unit has not been touched by financial institutions. It was, he said,
because they are considered not bankable because they do not have collateral or
guarantee assets "Currently, there are about 51 million SMEs, ie up to 99%
are micro business unit," said Sandiaga. Menurut him, today, supported by
finance institutions only about 2 million UKM dominated the food business as
well as services and trade, it was melaluikredit (KUR) and they belong to the
small-medium business unit. Selamaini, micro-units, especially in agriculture
and business units at the grassroots level, relying on loan sharks with
mencekik.Untuk interest, he added. Kadin financing schemes set micronnanceunhik
micro business, small, and medium enterprises (UKM) in Indonesia. The
microfinance platform he said, an important pillar in the roadmap Chamber of
Commerce in order to empower UKM and cooperatives in Indonesia. Rencanaya, the
roadmap will be completed in October 2009 and handed over to the cabinet pe-new
merintahan. Uno sure, proposed in the roadmap would be accepted and implemented
by the government mendatang.Keyakinan it, he said, because it was with
representatives of the Ministry of Cooperatives and UKM also recently made a
working visit to Bangladesh on August 6, 2009. "During the visit by the
founder kamiditantang Grameen Bank, Professor M. Yunus, to develop microfinance
seriously in the country. According to M Yunus, credit is a fundamental right
of every human being, including the poor. He strongly believed, microcredit is
a surefire answer to the problem of poverty, "said Uno. he explained that,
currently, there are no financial institutions are serious in microfinance
schemes in accordance with the topography of the Indonesian population.
Meanwhile, he continued, this time Kadin seriously preparing for empowerment of
UKM and cooperatives by mobilizing micro credit through a network of
microfinance institutions non-banking more flexible, effective, and efficient.
"Microcredit is a form of joint intervention between employers, government
and academia to eradicate poverty. so, it takes a loan does not require
collateral or guarantee assets and are not suffocating flowers. During this
time, many forms of unsecured loans but the interest was so high that can not
be reached by small entrepreneurs especially micro, "said Sandiaga.Bukopin
gelontorkan 60% credit for UKM Jakarta - PT Bank Bukopin Tbk (BBKP)
drill-sector financing small and medium enterprises (UKM) to Rp 21.45 trillion,
or 60% of total credit target company in the year 2011 which reached Rp 35.75
triliun.Hal is delivered Tri Joko Prihanto, Finance Director of Bank Bukopin,
in a written statement received second Finance, Monday (14/3/2011) .He
expressed its loan portfolio during the year 2010 amounting to Rp 28.6
trillion. Where this year, Bukopin targets the financing to grow 20-25% ie to
Rp 35.75 trillion. "BBKP allocate approximately 60% of the total loan
portfolio for business credit the Small and Medium Enterprises (UKM), wherein
the portion equivalent to growth of 30% compared UKM lending in 2010 amounted
to Rp 16.9 trillion,". to support financing, the company has issued a
Limited Public Offering (LPO) II Rp 900 billion. A total of Rp5 60 billion or
62% of the funds PUT II is intended as a development of the SMES segment.
"This target will be achieved by a strategy of partnership and increase
added value to our strategic partners," said Tri Joko. Bukopin also
increase the fund's income source and strengthen the fundamentals of
third-party funds (DPK) with sharpening strategy in the consumer business
segment. Where the strategy to fruition, by the year 2010 third party managed
funds we collect to grow 30%.
ANALYSIS
SMEs
i.e. useful for addressing the problem of poverty that exists and can also
create jobs and vocational training with the opening. SME is also the largest
units that can be reached approximately 52.67 million and employs over 57.0
million. other benefits that SMEs contribute to GDP reached 26.6 trillion.
Senior Manager of CSR PT Antam, PMD Director General of the Department of the
Interior, as well as Fisheries experts predicted the IPB SMEs will grow 25% in
2010 compared with many forecasts in 2009 that is 15-20%. SMEs in 2010 it can
be achieved if a microfinance platform wrought in the Chamber of Commerce and
industry roadmap can be realized. Thus, the growth of SMES will be involved at
the level of 25-30% from year to year. financing supports the micro enterprise
sector will also encourage the empowerment of the direct value of the business
units. about 99% of the SME unit Indonesia untouched by financial institutions
as they are considered not available bank because they do not have a warranty
or guaranty assets.
In
the meantime, this time the Chamber of Commerce and industry are seriously
preparing for the empowerment of SMES and cooperatives with mobilizing micro-credit
through microfinance institutions network non-bank more flexible, effective,
and efficient. Micro-credit is a form of joint intervention between employers,
Government and academia to alleviate poverty. So, it needs the loans Do not
require collateral or guarantee assets and not strangle the flowers. Bukopin
& 60% credit for SMES of total loans the company target of 2011 to reach Rp
119 trillion that became 21.45 trillion. MBAI allocates approximately 60% of
the total loan portfolio credit for small businesses and medium-sized
businesses (SMEs), where are the equivalent of a 30% growth compared to the SME
lending in 2010 amounted to Rp 16.9 trillion, ". to support the financing,
the company has issued a limited public offering (LPO) II Rp 900 billion. A
total of 60 Rp5 billion or 62% of the funds that put II is intended as a
development of the SME segment.
DAFTAR
PUSTAKA
http://pustaka.unpad.ac.id/wp-content/upload/2015/12/DALAM-ERA-PERDAGANGAN-BEBAS-DIMENSI-SOSIAL-POLITIK.pdf
https://stats.oecd.org/glossary/detail.asp?ID=3123
http://www.dcmsme.gov.in/Policies/highlights_of_internatinal_policies/Indonesia%20Policy.pdf
http://www.econ.chula.ac.th/public/publication/journal/2008/cje200102.pdf
http://www.riztharonanda.com/2016/04/usaha-kecil-dan-menengah8.html
